Design of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Cyclea barbata Miers. and its lipoxygenase inhibitory activity

Green grass jelly (Cyclea barbata Miers.) is a plant from Indonesia that is believed to have anti-inflammatory activity.This study aims to find the optimum condition in grass jelly extraction using the ionic liquid-microwave assistedextraction toward total flavonoid content (TFC) and lipoxygenase activity (LIA). The experimental design wasperformed using the parameters variable including extraction time, liquid–solid ratio, and ionic liquids concentrationto obtain the optimum condition. The optimization analysis used response surface methodology (RSM) with Box–Behnken design (17 trials) to obtain a predictive model with TFC and LIA as a response surface value. In the presentstudy, the optimum condition was suggested by RSM analysis with parameter variables, including extraction time of17 minutes, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) concentration of 1.76 mol/l, and the liquid–solid ratioof 38.21 ml/g. The equation of regression quadratic model was obtained to predict TFC and LIA as follows: TFC =2.43A + 2.43B + 1.42C + 0.33AB − 3.20AC − 0.46BC − 4.90A2 − 3.10B2 − 3.10C2 + 28.32 with R2 = 0.8336 and LIA= 0.066A + 8.22B + 0.97C + 2.47AB − 5.86AC + 1.96BC − 9.99A2 − 13.75B2 − 13.11C2 + 63.53 with R2 = 0.9207,respectively

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenol And Flavonoid Content Of Mimosa Rubicaulis And Reinwardita Indica

Objective: Phytochemicals as phenol and flavonoid have a powerful biological activity. So, this study aimed to carry out phytochemical screening, total phenol and flavonoid content in two plant species i.e. M. rubicaulis and R. indica. Methods: The extraction of different parts of two plant species was done by maceration using ethanol. Phytochemical screening was done to confirm the presence of phytochemicals. Total phenol content was done by Folin ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content was done by Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid, phenol, terpenoids in both plant species. The highest concentration of phenol content was observed in the root and stem of an extract of M. rubicaulis i.e. 281.83±1.98 mg GAE/g dry extract weight and 225.37±0.60 mg GAE/g dry extract weight. The highest concentration of flavonoid contents was observed in the leaves of R. indica i.e. 462.21±4.67 mg QE/g dry extract weight followed by stem and root of M. rubicaulis i.e. 381.06±5.23 mg QE/g dry extract weight and 337.43±1.39 mg QE/g dry extract weight. Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis concluded the presence of biologically important phytoconstituents like flavonoid and phenol in both plant species. Further studies, should be carried out to isolate specific chemical constituents and should be used in different studies to explore their biological effects.

Determination Of Vindoline And Rutin Content In Five Different Morphotypes Of Catharanthus Roseus Leaves Using Hplc

Objective: To determine total phenolic and flavonoids contents and also quantify vindoline and rutin in different morphotypes of Catharanthus roseus using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Methods: Total flavonoids content (TFC) was determined by Aluminium chloride colorimetric and total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay. The chromatographic separation was done by using a C18 column at room temperature and eluted with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of phosphate buffer (pH=5.8) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute and detection was carried out at 254 nm. Results: TPC and TFC content was found highest in Cr00DP and lowest in Cr00WFSRE. Results also showed that the purple morphotypes Cr00DP gives more vindoline (0.3 mg/g) and rutin (18.57 mg/g) concentration compared to the pink morphotype Cr00PFRE contained 18.3 mg/g rutin and 0.2 mg/g vindoline. White morphotypes contained 0.383 mg/g rutin and 0.004 mg/g vindoline which was significantly less as compared to purple and pink morphotypes. Conclusion: The plant has significant number of alkaloids and flavonoids. The obtained outcomes from different morphotypes are thus significant for the purpose of vindoline and rutin isolation from Catharanthus roseus plant. These isolated bioactive phytoconstituents are a good candidate for further pharmacological and clinical study.

Synergistic antioxidant interactions between green tea and Ocimum gratissimum

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant interactions between aqueous infusions of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum at different ratios. Methods: Antioxidant activities of aqueous infusion of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves) alone or in combination at various proportions (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were determined by DPPH, ABTS, NO and ex-vivo assays including lipid peroxidation and haemolysis. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content was calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetry method, respectively. A correlation study was also conducted between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic/flavonoid content of various infusions. The interactions were analyzed by combination index applying CompuSyn software. Results: Green tea exhibited high radical scavenging ability as compared to Ocimum gratissimum infusion. Combination of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum exhibited moderate antagonism to strong synergistic interaction at various ratios. A strong correlation was found between total phenolic content/total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of individual infusions (green tea and Ocimum gratissimum). For binary mixture at different ratios, a weak to strong correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity and almost no correlation between total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential. Conclusions: Overall, green tea and Ocimum gratissimum combination (1:1) displayed the highest antioxidant potential and maximum synergism.

Synergistic antioxidant interactions between green tea and Ocimum gratissimum

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant interactions between aqueous infusions of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum at different ratios. Methods: Antioxidant activities of aqueous infusion of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves) alone or in combination at various proportions (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were determined by DPPH, ABTS, NO and ex-vivo assays including lipid peroxidation and haemolysis. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content was calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetry method, respectively. A correlation study was also conducted between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic/flavonoid content of various infusions. The interactions were analyzed by combination index applying CompuSyn software. Results: Green tea exhibited high radical scavenging ability as compared to Ocimum gratissimum infusion. Combination of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum exhibited moderate antagonism to strong synergistic interaction at various ratios. A strong correlation was found between total phenolic content/total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of individual infusions (green tea and Ocimum gratissimum). For binary mixture at different ratios, a weak to strong correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity and almost no correlation between total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential. Conclusions: Overall, green tea and Ocimum gratissimum combination (1:1) displayed the highest antioxidant potential and maximum synergism.

Comparative Study In Antioxidant Activities Of The Different Ripeness Stages Of Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam. Fruit

The ethyl acetate extracts obtained from under-ripe (Young Stage), mature (Mature Stage) and ripe fruit (Ripe Stage) fruit pulp of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. were evaluated for their Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content and antioxidant property. Total Moisture Content and the Total Ash Content of pulp were determined by subjecting to heat treatment. Total Phenolic Content was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu method and Total Flavonoid Content by Aluminium Chloride Colorimetric Assay. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH Radical Scavenging, ABTS Radical Scavenging and FRAP Assays. The highest moisture content varies as Young Stage>Mature Stage>Ripe Stage in 84.71% to 70.38% range and Total Ash Content of the Ripe Stage pulp was the highest (6.86 %) and the least was observed for the Young Stage with a value of 5.40 %. For the Total Phenolic Content, crude extracts isolated from Mature Stage showed highest value (434.04 mg GAE/g) and Total Flavonoid Content was highest in crude extract of the Young Stage (446.79 mg QE/g). Ripe Stage Crude extract gave lowest value for both Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content. For DPPH Radical Scavenging, ABTS Radical Scavenging and FRAP Assays, highest activity was reported by crude extract of Young Stage followed by crude extract of Mature Stage and least activity was given by crude extract of Ripe Stage. A correlation between Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content with antioxidant activity was noticeable. A declination of the antioxidant activity was observed as the fruit reaches its maturity.

Antioxidant activities of brown teff hydrolysates produced by protease treatment / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Various plants, herbal medicines, and marine foodstuffs have been used in kimchi preparation to improve its overall quality. Teff, which is rich in minerals and starches, facilitates stable blood glucose levels and is well-suited for use in gluten-free products; hence, it can be used to reinforce the mineral composition of kimchi. In this study, we probed the antioxidant activities of hydrolysates prepared by treatment of brown teff with three proteases under different conditions. METHODS: The mineral composition of brown teff was determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry-mass spectrometry, and we established optimal hydrolysis conditions by determining the total phenol and flavonoid contents of teff hydrolysates obtained using three different proteases (protamax, flavourzyme, and alcalase), two different protease concentrations (1 and 3 wt%), and three different incubation times (1, 2, and 4 h). The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates was further investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferrous reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. RESULTS: Brown teff was rich in I, K, Mg, and Ca, and the highest total phenol content (24.16 µg/mL), total flavonoid content (69.08 µg/mL), and TAC were obtained for 1 wt% protamax treatment. However, the highest DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP values were observed for hydrolysates produced by alcalase and flavourzyme treatments, respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment of brown teff with proteases affords hydrolysates with significantly increased antioxidant activities and high total phenol and flavonoid contents, and these antioxidant activities of teff hydrolysates have the potential to enhance the quality and functionality of kimchi in future applications.

Phytoconstituents and antioxidant properties among commercial tea (Camellia sinensis L. ) clones of Iran

Background Tea (Camellia sinensis), a well-known beverage is consumed frequently worldwide due to its high antioxidant properties. The present study determines the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities among 12 high yielding tea clones cultivated in Iran. Results Among the 12 clones studied, tea clone Iran 100 had the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with values of 8.44 ± 1.03 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight and 4.50 ± 0.16 mg rutin equivalents per gram dry weight respectively. High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolics and flavonoids in 12 clones revealed the presence of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate, (-)-epicatechingallate, gallic acid and caffeine. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay showed the existence of variation in the antioxidant activity ranging from 22.67 to 65.36%. The highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 218.24 µg/mL was observed in the leaf extract of the clone Iran 100, while the lowest was found in the clone Iran 482 with IC50 value of 234.44 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity had a positive correlation with total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate, (-)-epicatechingallate and caffeine (0.59 = r = 0.97, P < 0.05). Conclusion From the study it can be concluded that the clone Iran 100 has a superior quality compared to any other clones studied due to occurrence of more phenolic compounds and a greater antioxidant activity. Hence, we recommend the use of tea clone Iran 100 for commercial planting.

Antioxidant capacity and fatty acid composition of different parts of Adenocarpus complicatus (Fabaceae) from Turkey / Capacidad antioxidante y composición de ácidos grasos de diferentes partes de Adenocarpus complicatus (Fabaceae) de Turquía

Adenocarpus complicatus is distributed throughout the Anatolian peninsula and is widely used for human and animal nutrition. The purpose of this work was to study the antioxidant properties and fatty acid composition of different parts of this plant (fruits and mixed materials). The species was collected from Golyuzu village of the Seydisehir district near Konya province, Turkey. Fruit and mixed parts obtained from this species were ground and a 15g sample was used to prepare methanolic extracts. Powdered plant samples were extracted with 100mL methanol in a mechanical shaker. The obtained extracts were filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and were subsequently stored at -20°C. Antioxidant components, namely total phenolic and flavonoid content, were detected for each extract using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by various assays including phosphomolybdenum, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, metal chelating activity, and ferric and cupric ion reducing power. The fatty acid profiles of plant parts were also determined by using gas chromatography. The total phenolic content of fruit (36.21mgGAE/g) was higher than that of mixed materials (13.79mgGAE/g). The methanolic extract of mixed material had higher amounts of flavonoid than fruit extract. The free radical scavenging activity of extracts was expressed as IC50 value (μg/mL) (amount required to inhibit DPPH radical formation by 50%). The lower IC50 value reflects better free radical scavenging action. The radical scavenging activity of the samples was compared with BHT, it showed the mixed material to be almost two times more potent than the fruit extract. However, BHT is an excellent free radical scavenger with an IC50 of 34.061μg/mL. The ferric and cupric reducing power potentials of the extracts were expressed as EC50 value (the effective concentration at which the absorbance was 0.5). Fruit extract exhibited strong ferric reducing power with an EC50 of 871.25μg/mL. The metal chelating activity of the extracts increased with concentration. Chelating effect was 83.60% for fruit extract at 1mg/mL concentration. Oil content of fruit and mixed parts were detected as 6.71 and 6.14%, respectively. A total of 32 fatty acids were found in the oil. Essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic acid) were identified as the most abundant fatty acids in the oil. These results demonstrated that this plant species can be considered as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. Likewise, the oil obtained from the plant can be used as a source of essential fatty acids for food and pharmacological applications. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (1): 337-346. Epub 2014 March 01.

Adenocarpus complicatus se distribuye por toda la península de Anatolia y es ampliamente utilizado para la nutrición humana y animal. El propósito de este trabajo fue estudiar las propiedades antioxidantes y la composición de ácidos grasos de diferentes partes de la planta (frutos y partes mezcladas). Las especies fueron recolectadas en Golyuzu, Seydisehir, cerca de la provincia Konya en Turquía. Para preparar los extractos metanólicos se tomó una muestra de 15g de frutas y partes mezcladas de esta especie. Muestras de plantas en polvo se extrajeron con 100ml de metanol en un agitador mecánico. Los extractos obtenidos se filtraron y se concentraron a sequedad bajo presión reducida y posteriormente se almacenaron a -20°C. Para cada extracto, mediante métodos espectrofotométricos se detectaron los componentes antioxidantes, llamados contenido total de fenoles y flavonoides. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante diversos ensayos: fosfomolibdeno, capacidad de captación de radicales libres DPPH, actividad quelante de metales y poder reductor de iones férricos y cúpricos. También se determinaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos de partes de la planta mediante el uso de cromatografía de gases. El contenido fenólico total de la fruta (36.21mgGAE/g) fue mayor que la de los materiales mezclados (13.79mgGAE/g). El extracto metanólico de material mezclado tenía una mayor cantidad de flavonoides que el extracto de la fruta. La actividad captadora de radicales libres de los extractos se expresó como valor de IC50 (mg/ml) (cantidad necesaria para inhibir la formación de radicales DPPH en un 50%). El valor bajo de IC50 refleja mejor acción eliminadora de radicales libres. La actividad captadora de radicales de las muestras se comparó con BHT, se mostró que el material mezclado es casi dos veces más potente que el extracto de la fruta. Sin embargo, BHT es un excelente eliminador de radicales libres con una IC50 de 34.061μg/mL. El potencial de reducción férrico y cúprico de los extractos se expresó como valor de CE50 (la concentración efectiva a la que la absorbancia fue de 0.5). El extracto de la fruta exhibe fuerte poder reductor férrico con una EC50 de 871.25μg/mL. La actividad quelante de metales de los extractos aumentó con la concentración. El efecto quelante de extracto de fruta fue de 83.60% en una concentración de 1mg/ml. El contenido de aceite del fruto y partes mixtas fue 6.71 y 6.14%, respectivamente. Un total de 32 ácidos grasos fueron encontrados en el aceite. Los ácidos grasos esenciales (ácido linoleico y α-linolénico) fueron identificados como los ácidos grasos más abundantes en el aceite. Estos resultados demostraron que esta especie vegetal se puede considerar como una alternativa a los antioxidantes sintéticos. Del mismo modo, el aceite obtenido de la planta se puede utilizar como una fuente de ácidos grasos esenciales para alimentos y aplicaciones farmacológicas.

Caracterização química e tecnológica das folhas, caules e planta inteira da Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br., Convolvulaceae, como matéria-prima farmacêutica / Chemical and technological characterization of Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br., Convolvulaceae, leaves, branches and entire plant as a pharmaceutical raw material

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br., (Convolvulaceae), planta que ocorre abundantemente nas dunas do litoral é popularmente conhecida como "salsa-da-praia", e usada na medicina popular devido às suas propriedades analgésica, antiinflamatória e cicatrizante. A partir das partes aéreas frescas foram desenvolvidos protocolos para o seu tratamento prévio e controle de qualidade, com o propósito de caracterizar a planta como matéria-prima farmacêutica. A perda por secagem mostrou que as folhas apresentam menor rendimento de matéria seca em relação aos caules, devido ao seu maior teor de água. A secagem e moagem teve por objetivo a manutenção da perda por dessecação abaixo do valor máximo permitido para drogas vegetais. As folhas e caules secos e moídos foram classificados como pós grossos através da análise granulométrica por tamisação, e caracterizados segundo testes farmacopeicos para drogas vegetais. A determinação de cinzas indicou a presença de material inorgânico, possivelmente areia, associado ao habitat da espécie. O teor de extrativos solúveis em água foi maior nas folhas, seguido dos caules e proporcional na planta inteira, correlacionando-se ao teor de flavonoides totais. A cromatografia em camada delgada das soluções extrativas hidroetanólicas mostrou diferenças apenas com relação à intensidade das manchas, e indicação da presença de isoquercitrina, sendo mais evidente nas folhas.

Ipomoea pes caprae (L.) R. Br., (Convolvulaceae), a pantropical stand plant, popularly known as "salsa-da-praia", is used in folk medicine because of its analgesic, antinflammatory and healing properties. Protocols were developed from the fresh aerial plants to establish their previous treatment and quality control in order to get it characterized as a pharmaceutical raw material. The loss of water on drying in an air oven, showed that leaves represent a lesser dried mass yield than branches, as a result of its higher water content. Drying and milling were aimed at keeping the loss on drying below the limit value accepted for herbs. Dried and milled leaves and branches were classified as thick powder through the sieving method, before they were characterized according to pharmacopoeial tests for herbs. The determination of ashes indicated the presence of inorganic materials, most probably due to sand content which came from the herb habitat. The soluble water extractives were greater from the leaves, followed by the branches and proportional for the entire plant. These results showed to be correlated to the total flavonoid content. The thin layer chromatography for the hydroethanolic solutions only demonstrated differences related to the spots color intensity, and indicated the presence of isoquercitrin, being more evident from the leaves.